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I just started to read about this (I'm non American) and can someone please give me a quick summary of what happened? I just saw the bill didn't pass. I thought abortion was legal in the US?
Simply put, the "Supreme" court is a group of 9 non-elected "judges" who are appointed to life long positions ad Supreme Court Justices. These "justices" hear cases and get to decide if current laws are in indeed valid or inline with the constitution.
6 of the 9 judges are practicing Catholics and have been funneled from Right Wing organizations into the court. These individuals have decided that while the Federal govt says abortion is legal, individual states have the right to decide it's legality in their boundaries, because it isn't "explicitly stated" in the constitution," or at least that's their interpretation.
So now, this sort of president crushing ruling sets future precedent for States to roll back other human rights such as marriage equality, racial and gender civil rights, etc.
To build on this a little bit, there's no law in the United States that says abortion is legal. In the 70's the Supreme Court decided that Abortions were a right protected under the constitution due to Americans having a right to "privacy". So a lot of states could try to limit abortions or make them harder to get, but no one could outlaw them (though many have tried).
As the other poster said, the current Supreme Court is likely to overturn the Roe v Wade & Casey v Planned Parenthood precedents, and leave abortion up to the individual states. Some states like California have laws that will keep abortion legal, but 22 states have laws that will immediately outlaw most or all abortion. More states will likely pass their own laws making abortion illegal as well.
The vote our Senate took that failed was basically doomed, and was more of a political stunt. They want to make people go on record against abortion because it's a very unpopular position. However, due to how fucked up our political system is, it is nearly impossible for the Democratic party to pass a law that will keep all abortion legal in the US.